Similarities and differences of youth justice systems

Similarities and differences of youth justice systems Introduction Different countries have their own different way of dealing with their young offenders. Youth offenses comprise a sensitive issue that ought to be handled with care. The youth justice system of any country is charged with the responsibility of dealing with young offenders. The paper is a review into the similarities and the differences of youth justice systems in England and Wales and Sweden in view of their youth justice systems. Barth (1992) emphasizes that there are many reasons as to why the youth engage in criminal activities among them poor parenting and lack of proper education. Different societies respond to crime differently and the response to a particular crime varies as societies evolve changing its values over time. For instance, during the olden days, the words rehabilitation and the rights of the child were rarely talked about but in the modern day our societies have changed and incorporated such concepts and this have affected the way we punish the youth. Societys definition of minor and major crimes has also changed over time (White, 2001). However, it is evident that as societies change over time and children who in the olden days were thought not in a position to commit crimes are now committing them. Justice systems have also evolved to cope with the changes in society. The youth justice system in light of the welfare of the child has come up with ways to deal with young offenders in a way that is different from the one that is used in dealing with adults and also a way that incorporates the welfare of the child. One factor is therefore clear that the youth justice system in England and Wales and Sweden have changed over time to keep abreast with the changes in crime activities involving the youths. In regard to England and Wales and in view of social disclosure, the proceedings and the verdict of a case where a person who is considered a youth has committed a crime, may be reported by the media but the persons identity is not to be openly disclosed to the public (Hill, Lockyer, Stone, 2007). According to Hill, Lockyer, Stone, (2007) in terms of social disclosure in England and Wales, the information is not reported to the public freely. Press members are restricted in terms of the information that they can report to the public. In addition, only selected members are allowed to the proceedings in which a minor is being judged. Only the members of the press, parents and guardian of the offender are allowed into the proceeding which shows that the justice system in England and Wales takes serous offence in disclosing criminal information regarding a minor. However, Sweden has a different approach to social disclosure involving young peoples offences. Young offenders in Sweden ar e not tried in a different court from their adult counterparts and therefore information relating to young people offenses is open to the general public. One of the ways that the youth justice system in England and Wales is similar to that of Sweden is through the use of restorative judgment. According to White (2001) England and Wales youth justice system aims at identifying youths who are at risk of engaging in offenses. The principal aim of the youth justice system in England and Wales is to prevent the youths in indulging in activities that can result in crime and hence the existence of youth offending teams in England and Wales. For instance, it is believed that if the youths have plenty of activities to indulge in they rarely engage in criminal activities. The interventions created allow youths to be occupied and hence lack the time to indulge in criminal activities. Similarly Swedens youth justice system is committed to preventing crimes occurring among the youths (Sundeen, 2002). This is done through the use of social welfare committees who take responsibility of the offenders and are in charge of reforming the youth. However, reformation of youth offenders in Sweden is compulsory. In economic sense, it is easier to have interventions and programs that prevent the youth from indulging in criminal activities than to wait until its too late and youths have to be sentenced to life imprisonment (Sundeen, 2002). Littlechild, (1997) suggests that decision making is crucial to all youths whether in Sweden or in England and Wales. Most of the times, it is argued that young people are not in a position to make decisions on their involvements in activities that are deemed as criminal activities by the law. In England and Wales, a young offender who is charged with a criminal offense is between the ages 10 years and 18 years while in Sweden, a young person who can be charged with a criminal offense is usually below the age of 15. At the age of 15 years and above, young offenders in Sweden are tried in the same courts as the adults. Drawing a sharp contrast in the two countries youth justice systems (Littlechild, 1997), the age at which a person is deemed an adult matters. Young offenders who are 18 years in England and Wales are tried in youth courts and therefore categorized as persons who are influenced by their age in decision making. Muncie, Hughes, McLaughing, (2002) points out that though the youth justice system in Sweden recognizes that young people are under a lot of pressure when making decisions, it does not offer any exceptions when trying young persons in courts between the ages of 15 years to 18 years. In England and Wales, a person who is 18 years and is being tried in a youth court has a better understanding of the youth justice system as compared to a person who is 18 years in Sweden and is being tried in a criminal court (Stephenson, Giller, Brown, 2007). Young offenders in England and Wales are at a better position of understanding the law in regard to criminal offenses as opposed young offenders in Sweden at the age of between 15 years and 18 years and who are tried in criminal courts. However, youth justice systems in both states also plays the role of ensuring that youths understand the repercussion of their negative actions and behavior in the society. Youth justice systems play a major role in legal referencing. It has helped in reprimanding the youths in both states though the approach to young persons offenders differs between the states. In Sweden, (Sundeen, 2002) the approach used in the youth justice system leans more towards the welfare of the young persons. The Swedish youth justice system focuses on the need of the young person and therefore instead of punishing the young offender, he or she is placed in the hands of the local authority which is in charge of the youth justice system. Even though young persons at the age of 15 to 17 years are tried in criminal courts, the courts place the responsibility of the young person in the compulsory social services in Sweden. In England and Wales, the youth justice system is oriented towards punishing the young offenders and making them pay for the mistakes they have done without the considering that the young person may have committed the crime due to various circumstances. It is a rgued that when a young offender is punished for his or her mistakes, he or she is likely to learn from the mistake because the punishment will serve him or her as a negative reinforcement associated with doing wrong. Over the years, youth justice systems have spurred debates as to their effectiveness in reducing criminal activities among the youth. Major policies in both countries (Stephenson, Giller, Brown, 2007) have become the subject of internal politics in the youth justice systems. For instance in England and Wales, there are some people who feel that when young offenders are taken to social welfare organizations, they interact with other young people who do not have a criminal background and might in turn learn the vices through socializing with the young offenders. Others feel that the youth justice systems are not instrumental in reducing criminal activities among the youth for instance in England and Wales while in Sweden, the youth justice system has done a commendable job. Therefore, in both countries, youth justice systems are subject to politics and scrutiny by even politicians. In conclusion, matters relating to crimes by young offenders are very sensitive. Each state handles its young offenders in different ways. It is apparent that criminal activities among the young people do occur and no gender is an exceptional. White (2001) argues that both girls and boys are capable of committing a crime. The state has the mandate of ensuring the safety of her citizens and therefore cannot let the young offenders go free committing crimes and without punishment. On the other hand, the young offenders to the state are the future leaders of tomorrow and therefore, the state needs to take care of them. According to Stephenson, Giller, Brown, (2007) interventions should focus on the needs of the youth and consequently help the young offenders reform and avoid indulging in criminal activities. A good example is the way Sweden handles its young offenders through a compulsory welfare program. According to Barry (1994) in Sweden, the needs of the child are carefully assesse d and the youth justice system is more interested in helping the child develop and learn from his or her mistakes than in punishing the young offender.

An Analysis of Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee Essay -- Annabel Lee Essa

An Analysis  of  Edgar Allan Poe's Annabel Lee In life, as in death, Edgar Allan Poe evoked a feeling of sympathy from his readership.   Those who knew him well considered him deep, mysterious and contemplative; thus, coupled with the copious tragedies he suffered throughout his life, especially the loss of his first wife Virginia, it is easy to understand how the author brings out the theme of Annabel Lee through personal/setting imagery, repetition of words and rhythm/rhyme.   Annabel Lee honors the memory of Poe's deceased wife, Virginia.   Throughout the poem, his use of personal imagery helps the reader to grasp the intense feelings of loss he continues to experience long after her passing.   The setting imagery is critical to this particular literary piece, in that it is through setting that one gains a significantly better realization of his anguish.   A passage from what came to be the last poem written by Poe before his death illustrates his torment: "The angels, not half so happy in heaven, went envying her and me- Yes! - That was the reason (as all men know, In this kingdom by the sea) That the wind came out of the cloud by night, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee. "But our love it was stronger by far than the love Of those who were older than we- Of many far wiser than we- And neither the angels in heaven above, Nor the demons down under the sea, Can ever dissever my soul from the soul Of the beautiful Annabel Lee." No matter his efforts, Poe just could not seem to shake the loss of Virginia.   He especially had difficulty forgetting her final days, watching her cough up blood and slowly dies of tuberculosis.   He could not even afford a blanket or handful of coal with wh... ...nd but elusive subtleties.   To be sure, Poe was a writer who incorporated a significant amount of blatancy while also implying considerable obscurity. This dichotomy has served to be the cornerstone of the author's works, which have successfully stood the test of time.   "And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side Of my darling- my darling- my life and my bride, In the sepulchre there by the sea, In her tomb by the sounding sea."   Without question, Annabel Lee provides a unique insight into the relationships among theme, rhythm and imagery.   Also evident within the very essence of the story is the manner in which it illustrates the compassion inherent within such a master composer as the troubled Edgar Allan Poe. Works Cited: Poe, Edgar Allan. ?Annabel Lee.? The Book of Living Verse. Ed. Louis Untermeyer. New York: Harcourt, 1939.

1. Discuss Dr. Faustus as a tragedy Essay

Ans—Understanding of Christopher Marlowe’s Elizabethan tragedy, Dr. Faustus, can be framed in terms of the Renaissance philosophy and the Elizabethan tragedy, which takes a different turn on some points from the Aristotelian tragedy, for instance such as the Elizabethan tragedy’s requisite death of the tragic hero. Dr. Faustus demonstrates the Renaissance philosophy that pits the dichotomy of good, angelic humanity against evil, depraved humanity. Marlowe’s play also is a model of the Elizabethan tragedy. Marlowe constructed the character of Dr. Faustus to represent within himself both characteristics of the Renaissance view of humanity as divinely good and hellishly evil. First, Dr. Faustus is presented as a scholar of all things including divinity, the highest Renaissance scholarly discipline. Then, Faustus is shown as dissatisfied with the limitations of humanity and grasping for unlimited knowledge, which is a Biblical allusion to Adam and Eve who ate of the Tree of Knowledge. Throughout the play, Faustus descends to lower and lower planes of knowledge in his pursuit for the â€Å"power† and â€Å"omnipotence† that comes from knowledge. At the beginning, Mephistopheles answers all Faustus’ questions but draws the line on talk of the universe, which can be seen to stand for astronomical and cosmological studies–the very studies that science is deeply involved in today: CERN; Hubble; SoHo; etc). Faustus must be content with merely mapping the universe instead of understanding it. Marlowe ultimately shows in Dr. Faustus the futility of the quest for ultimate knowledge and the inevitable end result of abandoning moral integrity for omnipotent knowledge. Dr. Faustus also represents a Classic Elizabethan tragedy. First, the tragic hero has a flaw or makes an error in judgment that leads to his own doom. It’s hard to say whether Faustus had a fatal flaw in his character or whether he was doomed by a faulty understanding that lead to a fatally disastrous error in judgment. All along the way, Faustus has doubts and hesitations which speak for an integrity of his moral character. If he has a fatal flaw, it might be that he did not reckon the power of evil highly enough, that he thought that with omnipotent knowledge, he could free himself from the chains of evil he wrapped so blithely around himself. Adam and Eve also fell to the punishment from the lure of knowledge. Of course, quite often Faustus’ fatal flaw is said to be greed and irreverent disregard for goodness. One clue to forming a literary stance on the question lies in examining his hesitations and second thoughts. In addition to this, the questions addressed in Marlowe’s play are nobel universal questions pertaining to the highest order of considerations: the meaning of life and death, the quest for knowledge, the respective power of of good and evil. In further accord with elizabethan tragedy, the play Dr. Faustus employs comedic relief through the presence of clowns that also acts as a means of giving information about the characters and the action of the play. The clowns in Dr. Faustus are Rafe and Robin. In Elizabethan tragedy, the clowns (rural, country simpletons who misuse language accidentally) and fools (urban dwellers who play with language and â€Å"misuse† it intentionally for wit) generally replace the Greek Chorus that carried the task of moving the st ory along with information not performed on stage, but in Dr. Faustus, Marlowe employs both the Greek-style Chorus and Elizabethan clowns. Finally, in keeping with Elizabethan tragic form, Faustus gets himself in so deep, his tragic flaw or error in judgement is so aggregious that it leads ultimately and necessarily to his death, thus fulfilling the fate of an Elizabethan tragic hero. Since Faustus has overestimated what he can attain from an arrangement with Lucifer and since he underestimated the power of Lucifer’s evil, his ultimate end must be and is death even though he recognizes his mistakes and pleads for pardon.

Poli sci essays

Poli sci essays The presidential elections this year play a very important role in our lives. Every four years different campaigns encourage people to let their voice be heard by voting. Fortunately, we as citizens of this prosperous first world nation, have rights that arent implicated in many other nations as they are in our own. One of the fundamental rights we have is the right to vote, being a democratic capitalist society, and we have to take advantage of this opportunity and act upon it to actually make a difference. Still the main question that draws curiosity in my mind is weather the elections by themselves assure that the voice of the masses is actually heard and to how much of an extent do our elected political leaders listen to the public. It can be argued that the best way to solve a problem of this sort is to establish an initiative procedure for the entire nation similar to the one used in the state of California. To introduce the initiative procedure to the federal government, many steps and changes would need to be made, since the federal government has many more priorities and obligations than a local or state government does. The goal of this particular reform, if it was to be enforced upon the political structure of our nation, would be to limit the power of our respected leaders in Washington and their friends by reducing their influence while at the same time increasing that of the general populace. It would be required that the registered voters of our country have a stronger influence, and the level of democracy move up a notch to an extent that if enough of the population were to strongly voice certain views and beliefs that would benefit our country agreed by the judicial system, along with carrying out the proper procedures of the subject at hand, then reforms would take place and views of the masses would be imposed as a law of the nation. I believe that if this initiative reform would ever to take place, then and...

Avogadros Number - Example Chemistry Problem

Avogadros Number Chemistry Problem Avogadros number is used in chemistry when you need to work with very large numbers. Its the basis for the mole unit of measurement, which provides an easy way to convert between moles, mass, and the number of molecules. For example, you can use the number to find the number of water molecules in a single snowflake. (Hint: Its an enormous number!) Avogadros Number Example Problem - Number of Molecules in a Given Mass Question: How many H2O molecules are there in a snowflake weighing 1 mg? Solution: Step 1 - Determine the mass of 1 mole of H2O Snowflakes are made of water, or H2O. To obtain the mass of 1 mole of water, look up the atomic masses for hydrogen and oxygen from the Periodic Table. There are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen for every H2O molecule, so the mass of H2O is: mass of H2O 2 (mass of H) mass of Omass of H2O 2 ( 1.01 g ) 16.00 gmass of H2O 2.02 g 16.00 gmass of H2O 18.02 g Step 2 - Determine the number of H2O molecules in one gram of water One mole of H2O is 6.022 x 1023 molecules of H2O (Avogadros number). This relation is then used to convert a number of H2O molecules to grams by the ratio: mass of X molecules of H2O / X molecules mass of a mole of H20 molecules / 6.022 x 1023 molecules Solve for X molecules of H2O X molecules of H2O ( 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules ) / ( mass of a mole H2O  · mass of X molecules of H2O Enter the values for the question:X molecules of H2O ( 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules ) / ( 18.02g  · 1 g )X molecules of H2O 3.35 x 1022 molecules/gram There are 3.35 x 1022 H2O molecules in 1 g of H2O. Our snowflake weighs 1 mg and 1 g 1000 mg. X molecules of H2O 3.35 x 1022 molecules/gram  · (1 g /1000 mg )X molecules of H2O 3.35 x 1019 molecules/mg Answer There are 3.35 x 1019 H2O molecules in a 1 mg snowflake. Avogadros Number Problem Key Takeaways Avogadros number is 6.02 x 1023. It is the number of particles in a mole.You can use Avogadros number to convert between mass and the number of molecules of any pure substance.If you are given the mass of a sample (such as a snowflake), convert the mass to moles, and then use Avogadros number to convert from moles to molecules.

Financial Management Problems and case #6 Essay

Financial Management Problems and case #6 - Essay Example Reporting a large loss and/or increasing dividend payout would have a negative effect on cash and profitability. Problem 9: MVA - Henderson Industries, with a stock price of $60, $500MM of issued common stock, and an MVA of $130MM has shares outstanding in the amount of 10,500,000; the result of the sum of the book value ($500MM) and the market value added ($130MM) divided by the share price. Problem 10: Cash Flow - Based on the information provided regarding Bailey Corporation's Income Statement: (a) The net operating profit after taxes is $3B [NOPAT=EBIT(1-Tax rate)=$4B(1-$1B)]. (b) The net cash flow is $4.5B [NCF=NI+D&A=$1.5B+$3B]. (c) The operating cash flow is $6B [OCF=EBIT(1-Tax rate)+D&A=$3B+$3B]. (d) The free cash flow is $2.7B [FCF=OCF-IOC=$6B-$3.3B]. Problem 11: Income Statement - Based on the information provided regarding Hermann Industries' Income Statement forecasts, the forecasted net income would be achieved by a sales figure of $ 12,681,481.47: Sales $12,681,481.47 Operating Costs (55% of Sales) ($ 6,974,814.81) EBITDA $ 5,706,666.66 Depreciation & Amortization ($ 880,000.00) EBIT $ 4,826,666.66 Interest ($ 660,000.00) EBT $ 4,166,666.66 Taxes (40%) ($ 1,666,666.66) Net Income $ 2,500,000.00 EMBA 503, Financial Management Case Six YOUR FULL NAME YOUR INSTITUION OR SCHOOL PROFESSOR DATE Lottery Winnings: Case Study Six 1. If you were one of the winners, which option would you select Why I would choose the cash option. I would do this primarily because I could invest the money safely and obtain a return that, although less than the annuity payment, would still give me more money than I need each year and would never... Problem 9: MVA - Henderson Industries, with a stock price of $60, $500MM of issued common stock, and an MVA of $130MM has shares outstanding in the amount of 10,500,000; the result of the sum of the book value ($500MM) and the market value added ($130MM) divided by the share price. Problem 11: Income Statement - Based on the information provided regarding Hermann Industries' Income Statement forecasts, the forecasted net income would be achieved by a sales figure of $ 12,681,481.47: 1. If you were one of the winners, which option would you select Why I would choose the cash option. I would do this primarily because I could invest the money safely and obtain a return that, although less than the annuity payment, would still give me more money than I need each year and would never diminish the principal. Also, if I did not spend all of the money gained from the investment, the compound interest would increase my portfolio significantly. Finally, my tax burden would be less over the long term because capital gains from the investments are taxed at a lower rate in the U.S. than regular income. 3. Is the State of Michigan justified in advertising the prize amount as $363 million Explain.

Humanities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanities - Assignment Example The gods represented in the poem make their actions based on unknown hasty and premature decisions. As a result, the cause of the flood remains unclear: â€Å"Then came the flood, sent by gods intent.† (15). On the contrary, the Bible gives a definite answer: the cause of the flood was the immoral behavior of the people (Gen. 6.5). In other words, in the epic of Gilgamesh, the deadly flood was the result of a whim of the gods, while in the Bible - a punishment for sin. God of the Bible could not accept the immoral behavior of people since it offended His divine plan, and He deliberately decided to destroy mankind. In the poem, there is no explanation as to why Utnapishtim had an opportunity for salvation, while the Bible explains why God chose Noah to be saved: â€Å"Noah was a just man and perfect in his generations, and Noah walked with God† (Gen. 6.9). For this reason, God of the Bible did not regret His decision, while the gods of the poem began to regret their acti ons, blaming Enlil that he did not punish the sole culprit of his anger. The Inferno by Dante is a world masterpiece of medieval literature. This literary work is linked with both ancient heritage and the ideas of Christian Catholicism to convey the most important religious issues that existed in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. This work is characterized by a special vividness of images that have been used by Dante to realize his goals. In The Inferno, the poet portrayed his journey to the afterlife. In general, The Inferno is based on Christian mythology as well as on the doctrine of heaven and hell (Raffa 2). The hero visits various fantastic places: Hell, which has nine circles, Purgatory, and Heaven. Dante sees the amazing wonders, meets with the angels, the righteous, the souls of sinners, God, Lucifer and his minions, as well as the heroes of ancient myths. The moral sense of Dante’s travel